Helpful Books Apps
Semantics 20.0.0
Semantics (from Ancient Greek: σημαντικόςsēmantikos,"significant")is the linguistic and philosophical studyof meaning,in language, programming languages, formal logics, andsemiotics.It is concerned with the relationship betweensignifiers—likewords, phrases, signs, and symbols—and what theystand for, theirdenotation. In international scientific vocabulary,semantics isalso called semasiology. The word semantics was firstused byMichel Bréal, a French philologist.It denotes a range ofideas—fromthe popular to the highly technical. It is often used inordinarylanguage for denoting a problem of understanding that comesdown toword selection or connotation. This problem of understandinghasbeen the subject of many formal inquiries, over a long periodoftime, especially in the field of formal semantics. Inlinguistics,it is the study of the interpretation of signs orsymbols used inagents or communities within particularcircumstances and contexts.Within this view, sounds, facialexpressions, body language, andproxemics have semantic (meaningful)content, and each comprisesseveral branches of study. In writtenlanguage, things likeparagraph structure and punctuation bearsemantic content; otherforms of language bear other semanticcontent. The formal study ofsemantics intersects with many otherfields of inquiry, includinglexicology, syntax, pragmatics,etymology, and others.Independently, semantics is also awell-defined field in its ownright, often with syntheticproperties. In the philosophy oflanguage, semantics and referenceare closely connected. Furtherrelated fields include philology,communication, and semiotics. Theformal study of semantics can,therefore, be manifold and complex.Semantics contrasts with syntax,the study of the combinatorics ofunits of a language (withoutreference to their meaning), andpragmatics, the study of therelationships between the symbols of alanguage, their meaning, andthe users of the language. Semanticsas a field of study also hassignificant ties to variousrepresentational theories of meaningincluding truth theories ofmeaning, coherence theories of meaning,and correspondence theoriesof meaning. Each of these is related tothe general philosophicalstudy of reality and the representation ofmeaning. In 1960spsychosemantic studies became popular afterOsgood's massivecross-cultural studies using his semanticdifferential (SD) methodthat used thousands of nouns and adjectivebipolar scales. Aspecific form of the SD, Projective Semanticsmethod uses only mostcommon and neutral nouns that correspond tothe 7 groups (factors)of adjective-scales most consistently foundin cross-culturalstudies (Evaluation, Potency, Activity as found byOsgood, andReality, Organization, Complexity, Limitation as foundin otherstudies). In this method, seven groups of bipolar adjectivescalescorresponded to seven types of nouns so the method wasthought tohave the object-scale symmetry (OSS) between the scalesand nounsfor evaluation using these scales. For example, thenounscorresponding to the listed 7 factors would be Beauty,Power,Motion, Life, Work, Chaos, Law. Beauty was expected to beassessedunequivocally as “very good” on adjectives ofEvaluation-relatedscales, Life as “very real” on Reality-relatedscales, etc.However, deviations in this symmetric and very basicmatrix mightshow underlying biases of two types: sales-related biasandobjects-related bias. Suport Language: ✔ English ✔ العربية✔հայերեն ✔ Afrikaans ✔ বাংলা " ✔ Magyar ✔ Tiếng Việt ✔ Galego✔Nederlands ✔ Dansk ✔ עִבְרִית ✔ Español ✔ italiano ✔ katalis ✔한국어✔ lietuvių ✔ Melayu ✔ Deutsch ✔ Norsk ✔ فارسى ✔ polski ✔Português✔ română ✔ Српски ✔ slovenský ✔ slovenski ✔ ภาษา ไทย ✔தமிழ் " ✔Türkçe ✔ suomi ✔ français ✔ हिन्दी " ✔ hrvatski ✔ Čeština✔ Svenska✔ eesti ✔ 日本語 ✔ malayāḷaṁ ✔ Euskara ✔ indonesia
Legal psychology 20.0.0
Legal psychology involves empirical, psychological research ofthelaw, legal institutions, and people who come into contact withthelaw. Legal psychologists typically take basic social andcognitiveprinciples and apply them to issues in the legal systemsuch aseyewitness memory, jury decision-making, investigations,andinterviewing. The term "legal psychology" has only recentlycomeinto usage, primarily as a way to differentiate theexperimentalfocus of legal psychology from the clinically-orientedforensicpsychology. this app contains 67 topics related totheeasy-to-understand psychology law Support Language: - العربية-català - Čeština - Dansk - Deutsch - English - Español - فارْسِى-français - Magyar - italiano - 日本語 - 한국어 - Nederlands - polski-Português - slovenski -Türkçe - українська
List of shotguns 20.0.0
A shotgun (also known as a scattergun, or historically as afowlingpiece) is a firearm that is usually designed to be firedfrom theshoulder, which uses the energy of a fixed shell to fire anumberof small spherical pellets called shot, or a solidprojectilecalled a slug. Shotguns come in a wide variety of sizes,rangingfrom 5.5 mm (.22 inch) bore up to 5 cm (2.0 in) bore, and inarange of firearm operating mechanisms, including breechloading,single-barreled, double or combination gun, pump-action,bolt-, andlever-action, semi-automatic, and even fully automaticvariants. Ashotgun is generally a smoothbore firearm, which meansthat theinside of the barrel is not rifled. Preceding smoothborefirearms,such as the musket, were widely used by armies in the 18thcentury.The direct ancestor to the shotgun, the blunderbuss, wasalso usedin a similar variety of roles from self-defense to riotcontrol. Itwas often used by cavalry troops because of itsgenerally shorterlength and ease of use, as well as by coachmen forits substantialpower. In the 19th century, however, these weaponswere largelyreplaced on the battlefield with breechloading rifledfirearms,which were more accurate over longer ranges. The militaryvalue ofshotguns was rediscovered in the First World War, whenAmericanforces used 12-gauge pump action shotguns in close-quarterstrenchfighting to great effect. Since then, it has been used in avarietyof roles in civilian, law enforcement, and militaryapplications.The shot pellets from a shotgun spread upon leavingthe barrel, andthe power of the burning charge is divided among thepellets, whichmeans that the energy of any one ball of shot isfairly low. In ahunting context, this makes shotguns usefulprimarily for huntingbirds and other small game. However, in amilitary or lawenforcement context, the large number of projectilesmakes theshotgun useful as a close quarters combat weapon or adefensiveweapon. Militants or insurgents may use shotguns inasymmetricengagements, as shotguns are commonly owned civilianweapons inmany countries. Shotguns are also used for targetshooting sportssuch as skeet, trap, and sporting clays. Theseinvolve shootingclay disks, known as clay pigeons, thrown invarious ways. SupportLanguage: ✔Deutsch ✔English ✔Español ✔français✔italiano ✔日本語✔polskipl ✔Português ✔українська
Music theory 20.0.0
Music theory is the study of the practices and possibilitiesofmusic. The Oxford Companion to Music describes threeinterrelateduses of the term "music theory": The first is what isotherwisecalled 'rudiments', currently taught as the elements ofnotation,of key signatures, of time signatures, of rhythmicnotation, and soon. The second is the study of writings about musicfrom ancienttimes onwards. The third is an area of currentmusicological studythat seeks to define processes and generalprinciples in music — asphere of research that can be distinguishedfrom analysis in thatit takes as its starting-point not theindividual work orperformance but the fundamental materials fromwhich it is built.Music theory is frequently concerned withdescribing how musiciansand composers make music, including tuningsystems and compositionmethods among other topics. Because of theever-expandingconception of what constitutes music (see Definitionof music), amore inclusive definition could be that music theory istheconsideration of any sonic phenomena, including silence, astheyrelate to music. This is not an absolute guideline for example,thestudy of "music" in the Quadrivium liberal artsuniversitycurriculum that was common in medieval Europe was anabstractsystem of proportions that was carefully studied at adistance fromactual musical practice. However, this medievaldiscipline becamethe basis for tuning systems in later centuries,and it isgenerally included in modern scholarship on the history ofmusictheory. Support Language: - català - Čeština - Dansk - Deutsch-English - Español - finland - français - nork - italiano -Japanese- Nederlands - polski - Português - Svenska - українська
Butterfly 20.0.0
Butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran cladeRhopalocerafrom the order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths.Adultbutterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings,andconspicuous, fluttering flight. The group comprises thelargesuperfamily Papilionoidea, which contains at least oneformergroup, the skippers (formerly the superfamily "Hesperioidea")andthe most recent analyses suggest it also containsthemoth-butterflies (formerly the superfamily "Hedyloidea").Butterflyfossils date to the Paleocene, which was about 56 millionyearsago. Butterflies have the typical four-stage insect lifecycle.Winged adults lay eggs on the food plant on which theirlarvae,known as caterpillars, will feed. The caterpillars grow,sometimesvery rapidly, and when fully developed, pupate in achrysalis. Whenmetamorphosis is complete, the pupal skin splits,the adult insectclimbs out, and after its wings have expanded anddried, it fliesoff. Some butterflies, especially in the tropics,have severalgenerations in a year, while others have a singlegeneration, and afew in cold locations may take several years topass through theirentire life cycle. Butterflies are oftenpolymorphic, and manyspecies make use of camouflage, mimicry andaposematism to evadetheir predators. Some, like the monarch and thepainted lady,migrate over long distances. Many butterflies areattacked byparasites or parasitoids, including wasps, protozoans,flies, andother invertebrates, or are preyed upon by otherorganisms. Somespecies are pests because in their larval stagesthey can damagedomestic crops or trees; other species are agents ofpollination ofsome plants. Larvae of a few butterflies (e.g.,harvesters) eatharmful insects, and a few are predators of ants,while others liveas mutualists in association with ants.Culturally, butterflies area popular motif in the visual andliterary arts. Support Language:- català - Čeština - Deutsch -English - Español - فارْسِى - suomi- français - Magyar - italiano -japanese - lietuvių - Nederlands -Norsk - polski - Portuguךs
